tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24689002152652112042023-11-15T05:36:55.391-08:00Oracle SQL and PL/SQLUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-41131109821209511172012-09-23T22:39:00.001-07:002012-09-23T22:39:10.748-07:00Install notepad++ in Ubuntu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://sqlandplsql.com/2012/06/11/install-notepad-in-ubuntu-12-04/">http://sqlandplsql.com/2012/06/11/install-notepad-in-ubuntu-12-04/</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-87789646932750000772012-05-25T09:02:00.003-07:002012-09-23T22:35:43.047-07:00Installing Oracle 11g on Windows 7<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Post moved to <a href="http://sqlandplsql.com/2012/05/24/install-oracle-11g-on-windows-7/">http://sqlandplsql.com/2012/05/24/install-oracle-11g-on-windows-7/</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-30454191863356353162011-12-03T22:25:00.001-08:002011-12-04T18:07:31.511-08:00SQL Subquery<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Subquery is a query with in a query. <br />
<br />
Syntax:-<br />
<br />
select * from table_name where column_name in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">(select column from table_name)</span><br />
Highlighted part is called Subquery.<br />
<br />
<b>Examples:- </b><br />
Consider below table structures.<br />
<br />
<u>DEPT table</u><br />
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="3" frame="VOID" rules="NONE">
<colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="103"></col><col width="96"></col></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptno</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="103"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptname</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="96"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Location</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23" sdnum="1033;" sdval="1"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">HR</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">London</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23" sdnum="1033;" sdval="2"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Marketing</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Newyork</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23" sdnum="1033;" sdval="5"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Management</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bejing</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<u>EMP table</u><br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empno</span></b></td><td align="LEFT" width="85"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empname</span></b></td><td align="LEFT" width="60"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Salary</span></b></td><td align="CENTER" width="63"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptno</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">10</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="12000"><span style="font-size: small;">12000</span></td><td align="CENTER" sdnum="1033;0;@"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">11</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">12</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Susan</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">13</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Wendy</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9000"><span style="font-size: small;">9000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">14</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Benjamin</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7500"><span style="font-size: small;">7500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">15</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Tom</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7600"><span style="font-size: small;">7600</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">16</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Henry</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="8500"><span style="font-size: small;">8500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">17</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Robert</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9500"><span style="font-size: small;">9500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">18</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Paul</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7700"><span style="font-size: small;">7700</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="6" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="91"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="72"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody></tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<b><br /></b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Find the details of all 'HR' employees.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where deptno in (select deptno from DEPT where deptname = 'HR');</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br />
Always Subquery will be executed first. If Subquery returns no data, main query also will not return any data.<br />
<br />
2. Find the details of all 'Logistic' department employees if any.<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where deptno in (</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select deptno from DEPT where deptname = 'Logistic'</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">);</span><br />
<br />
The above query will not return any records because Subquery has no matching records </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br />
3. Find the details of all employees earning lowest salary.</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where salary = (select min(salary) from EMP)</span> ; </div>
<br />
4. Find all employee details if there any Marketing dept<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"> Select * from EMP e where exists (select * from DEPT d where deptname = 'Marketing'); </span><br />
<br />
<b>Subquery returns more than one row error</b><br />
Example 3 will return details of all employees earning lowest salary. While writing the subquery user forgot to mention <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">min</span> clause and submitted below query.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
SQL> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; text-align: left;">Select * from EMP where salary = (select salary from EMP) ; </span></div>
*<br />
ERROR at line 1:<br />
ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one row<br />
<div>
<br />
This error happened because main query expecting a single value from the Subquery but returning more than one row. When writing a single-row Subquery make sure it is returning single row.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-59411605870216536272011-12-03T20:48:00.001-08:002011-12-04T19:42:35.890-08:00SQL SOME operator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
SOME operator is same as IN operator. This operator is rarely used. </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
Read more about IN operator <a href="http://sqlandplsql.blogspot.com/2011/12/sql-in-operator.html">here</a></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Syntax:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
select columns from table_name where column_name = <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">SOME</span> ( values )</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<b style="text-align: left;">Examples:- </b></div>
<br />
Consider below EMP table structure<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empno</span></b></td><td align="LEFT" width="85"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empname</span></b></td><td align="LEFT" width="60"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Salary</span></b></td><td align="CENTER" width="63"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptno</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">10</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="12000"><span style="font-size: small;">12000</span></td><td align="CENTER" sdnum="1033;0;@"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">11</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">12</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Susan</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">13</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Wendy</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9000"><span style="font-size: small;">9000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">14</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Benjamin</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7500"><span style="font-size: small;">7500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">15</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Tom</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7600"><span style="font-size: small;">7600</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">16</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Henry</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="8500"><span style="font-size: small;">8500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">17</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Robert</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9500"><span style="font-size: small;">9500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">18</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Paul</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7700"><span style="font-size: small;">7700</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="6" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="91"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="72"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody></tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
1. Find all details of Bill, Solomon and Wendy employee. </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where empname = </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">SOME</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">( 'Bill' , 'Solomon' ,'Wendy');</span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
2. Find details of employee earning highest salary.</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where salary = </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">SOME</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"> (select max(salary) from EMP) ;</span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-1839649017103196742011-12-03T20:42:00.001-08:002011-12-04T19:41:40.551-08:00SQL ANY operator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
ANY operator is same as IN operator. This operator is rarely used in SQL. </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
Read more about IN operator <a href="http://sqlandplsql.blogspot.com/2011/12/sql-in-operator.html">here</a></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Syntax:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
select columns from table_name where column_name = <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">ANY</span> ( values )</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<b style="text-align: left;">Examples:- </b></div>
<br />
Consider below EMP table structure<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empno</span></b></td><td align="LEFT" width="85"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empname</span></b></td><td align="LEFT" width="60"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Salary</span></b></td><td align="CENTER" width="63"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptno</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">10</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="12000"><span style="font-size: small;">12000</span></td><td align="CENTER" sdnum="1033;0;@"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">11</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">12</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Susan</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">13</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Wendy</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9000"><span style="font-size: small;">9000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">14</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Benjamin</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7500"><span style="font-size: small;">7500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">15</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Tom</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7600"><span style="font-size: small;">7600</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">16</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Henry</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="8500"><span style="font-size: small;">8500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">17</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Robert</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9500"><span style="font-size: small;">9500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">18</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Paul</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7700"><span style="font-size: small;">7700</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="6" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="91"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="72"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody></tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
1. Find all details of Bill, Solomon and Wendy employee. </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where empname = ANY( 'Bill' , 'Solomon' ,'Wendy');</span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
2. Find details of employee earning highest salary.</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where salary = ANY (select max(salary) from EMP) ;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-7318643867464125222011-12-03T20:23:00.001-08:002011-12-04T19:38:57.181-08:00SQL IN operator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
IN operator uses to specify one or more values in where clause.<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Syntax:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
select columns from table_name where column_name <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">IN</span> ( values )</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<b style="text-align: left;">Examples:- </b></div>
<br />
Consider below EMP table structure<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empno</span></b></td><td align="LEFT" width="85"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empname</span></b></td><td align="LEFT" width="60"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Salary</span></b></td><td align="CENTER" width="63"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptno</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">10</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="12000"><span style="font-size: small;">12000</span></td><td align="CENTER" sdnum="1033;0;@"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">11</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">12</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Susan</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">13</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Wendy</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9000"><span style="font-size: small;">9000</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">14</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Benjamin</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7500"><span style="font-size: small;">7500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">15</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Tom</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7600"><span style="font-size: small;">7600</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">16</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Henry</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="8500"><span style="font-size: small;">8500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">17</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Robert</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9500"><span style="font-size: small;">9500</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;">18</span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Paul</span></td><td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7700"><span style="font-size: small;">7700</span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="6" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="91"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="72"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody></tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
1. Find all details of Bill, Solomon and Wendy employee. </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where empname <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">IN</span>( <span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">'</span>Bill'<span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;"> </span>, 'Solomon'<span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;"> ,</span>'Wendy');</span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
2. Find details of employee earning highest salary.</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where salary IN (select max(salary) from EMP)</span> ;</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
3. Find details of employees earning less than highest salary.</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Select * from EMP where salary NOT IN (select max(salary) from EMP)</span> ; </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
Not that NOT IN operator is a negation of IN operator. </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-67654189210763435582011-12-02T20:44:00.001-08:002011-12-05T18:33:47.093-08:00Installing Oracle 11g on Ubuntu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This article clearly describes installation of Oracle 11g release 2 on Ubuntu desktop</span></b><br />
<a href="http://sqlandplsql.com/2011/12/02/installing-oracle-11g-on-ubuntu/" target="_blank"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Installing oracle 11g on ubuntu</span></b></a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-75570847691154654882011-12-02T11:40:00.001-08:002011-12-03T22:13:26.136-08:00SQL COUNT function<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
COUNT function returns the total number from the expression. It is an example of aggregate functions.<br />
<br />
<b>Syntax:</b><br />
<br />
1. select <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">count</span>(column_name) from table_name;<br />
2. select <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">count</span>(*) from table_name;<br />
<br />
Count(*) returns total number of rows.<br />
Count(column_name) returns total number of rows have data. ie it ignores null columns.<br />
<br />
<b>Examples:-</b><br />
<br />
Consider below EMP table structure<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><br />
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE">
<colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="93"></col><col width="94"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empno</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="93"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empname</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="94"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Manager</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" width="63"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptno</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 10</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" sdnum="1033;0;@"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 11</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 12</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Susan</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 13</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Wendy</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 14</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Benjamin</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 15</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Tom</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 16</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Henry</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 17</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Robert</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Susan</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 18</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Paul</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td><td align="LEFT" width="85"><br /></td><td align="LEFT" width="60"><br /></td><td align="CENTER" width="63"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="6" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="91"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="72"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody></tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br />
1. Find the number of employees.</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select count</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">(*) from EMP; </span> </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<div>
COUNT(*)</div>
<div>
----------------</div>
<div>
9</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<br />
<div>
2. Find the total number of managers.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select count(manager) from EMP; </span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
COUNT(MANAGER)</div>
<div>
----------------</div>
<div>
8</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
3. Find all managers <span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">h</span>andling more t<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">h</span>an one employees.<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select manager ,count(*) from </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">EMP</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"> group by manager having count(*) > 1;</span><br />
<br />
MANAGER COUNT(*)<br />
------------------ ----------<br />
Bill 2<br />
Solomon 5<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
4. Find total number of managers.<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select count(distinct manager) from </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">EMP</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">;</span><br />
<br />
COUNT(DISTINCTMANAGER)<br />
--------------------------------------------<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 3<br />
<div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Related topics</b><br />
<a href="http://sqlandplsql.blogspot.com/2011/12/sql-avg-function.html" target="">AVG function</a><br />
<a href="http://sqlandplsql.blogspot.com/2011/12/sql-max-function.html">MAX Function</a><br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-36524358107069078132011-12-02T09:55:00.001-08:002011-12-03T22:12:54.791-08:00SQL AVG function<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
AVG function returns the average from the expression. It is an example of aggregate functions.<br />
<br />
<b>Syntax:</b><br />
<br />
select <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">avg</span>(column_name) from table_name;<br />
<br />
<b>Examples:-</b><br />
<br />
Consider below EMP table structure<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE">
<colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empno</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="85"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empname</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="60"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Salary</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" width="63"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptno</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 10</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="12000"><span style="font-size: small;">12000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" sdnum="1033;0;@"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 11</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 12</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Susan</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 13</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Wendy</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9000"><span style="font-size: small;">9000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 14</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Benjamin</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7500"><span style="font-size: small;">7500</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 15</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Tom</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7600"><span style="font-size: small;">7600</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 16</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Henry</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="8500"><span style="font-size: small;">8500</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 17</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Robert</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9500"><span style="font-size: small;">9500</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 18</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Paul</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7700"><span style="font-size: small;">7700</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="6" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="91"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="72"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
1. Find the avera<span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">g</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">e</span> salary among the employees.</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">av</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; text-align: left;">g</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">(salary) from EMP; </span> </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<div>
AVG(SALARY)</div>
<div>
------------------------</div>
<div>
9088.88889</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
2. Find the avera<span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">g</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">e</span> salary among the employees in a department (Using <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">w</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">here clause).</span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">av</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; text-align: left;">g</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">(salary) from EMP where deptno = 5; </span></span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
AVG(SALARY)</div>
<div>
------------------------</div>
<div>
10666.6667</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
3. Find the avera<span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">g</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">e</span> salary in each department (Using group by<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"> clause).</span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select deptno,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">av</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; text-align: left;">g</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">(salary) from EMP group by deptno; </span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
DEPTNO AVG(SALARY)</div>
<div>
---------- ----------------------</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 1 8033.33333<br />
2 8566.66667<br />
5 10666.6667</div>
<div>
<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">4. </span>Find the all department details <span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">having</span> avera<span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">g</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">e</span> salary higher than 9000 (Using <span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">having </span>by<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"> clause).</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="color: blue; white-space: pre;">select deptno,avg(salary) from EMP group by deptno having avg(salary) > 9000; </span><br />
<br />
<br />
DEPTNO AVG(SALARY)<br />
---------- ---------------------<br />
5 10666.6667<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-41348184573144437252011-12-02T09:36:00.001-08:002011-12-03T22:12:44.840-08:00SQL MIN function<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
MIN function returns the minimum from the expression. It is an example of aggregate functions.<br />
<br />
<b>Syntax:</b><br />
<br />
select <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">min</span>(column_name) from table_name;<br />
<br />
<b>Examples:-</b><br />
<br />
Consider below EMP table structure<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE">
<colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empno</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="85"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empname</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="60"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Salary</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" width="63"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptno</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 10</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="12000"><span style="font-size: small;">12000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" sdnum="1033;0;@"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 11</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 12</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Susan</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 13</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Wendy</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9000"><span style="font-size: small;">9000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 14</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Benjamin</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7500"><span style="font-size: small;">7500</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 15</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Tom</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7600"><span style="font-size: small;">7600</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 16</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Henry</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="8500"><span style="font-size: small;">8500</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 17</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Robert</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9500"><span style="font-size: small;">9500</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 18</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Paul</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7700"><span style="font-size: small;">7700</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr><td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"></td><td align="LEFT" width="85"><br /></td><td align="LEFT" width="60"><br /></td><td align="CENTER" width="63"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
1. Find the lowest salary among the employees.</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select min(salary) from EMP; </span> </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<div>
MIN(SALARY)</div>
<div>
------------------------</div>
<div>
7500</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
2. Find the lowest salary among the employees in a department (Using <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">w</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">here clause).</span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select min(salary) from EMP where deptno = 5; </span></span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
MIN(SALARY)</div>
<div>
------------------------</div>
<div>
10000</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
3. Find the lowest salary in each department (Using group by<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"> clause).</span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select deptno,min(salary) from EMP group by deptno; </span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
DEPTNO MIN(SALARY)</div>
<div>
---------- -----------</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 7500</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 8500</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 10000</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-73188314447107307982011-12-01T18:19:00.001-08:002011-12-03T22:12:35.085-08:00SQL MAX function<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
MAX function returns the maximum from the expression. It is an example of aggregate functions.<br />
<br />
<b>Syntax:</b><br />
<br />
select <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">max</span>(column_name) from table_name;<br />
<br />
<b>Examples:-</b><br />
<br />
Consider below EMP table structure<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE">
<colgroup><col width="62"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23" width="62"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empno</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="85"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Empname</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" width="60"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Salary</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" width="63"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Deptno</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 10</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Bill</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="12000"><span style="font-size: small;">12000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" sdnum="1033;0;@"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 11</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Solomon</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 12</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Susan</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="10000"><span style="font-size: small;">10000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 13</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Wendy</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9000"><span style="font-size: small;">9000</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 14</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Benjamin</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7500"><span style="font-size: small;">7500</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 15</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Tom</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7600"><span style="font-size: small;">7600</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 16</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Henry</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="8500"><span style="font-size: small;">8500</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 17</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Robert</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="9500"><span style="font-size: small;">9500</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" height="23"><span style="font-size: small;"> 18</span></td>
<td align="LEFT"><span style="font-size: small;">Paul</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" sdnum="1033;0;#" sdval="7700"><span style="font-size: small;">7700</span></td>
<td align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<br />
1. Find the highest salary among the employees.<br />
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select max(salary) from EMP; </span> </div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<div>
MAX(SALARY)</div>
<div>
------------------------</div>
<div>
12000</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
2. Find the highest salary among the employees in a department (Using <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">w</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">here clause).</span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select max(salary) from EMP where deptno = 1; </span></span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
MAX(SALARY)</div>
<div>
------------------------</div>
<div>
9000</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
3. Find the highest salary in each department (Using group by<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"> clause).</span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select deptno,max(salary) from EMP group by deptno; </span> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
DEPTNO MAX(SALARY)</div>
<div>
---------- -----------</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 9000</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 9500</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 12000</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-62702554976862532952011-11-29T16:45:00.001-08:002011-12-03T11:06:52.013-08:00Database transaction and ACID properties<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Database Transaction</b><br />
A transaction is logical unit of work which has a complete status performed within a database management system. It should not be in an inconsistent status.<br />
<br />
Example :-<br />
Assume a user has a savings account having 4000 unit of currency. He withdraws 100 unit of currency from an ATM and this withdrawal is referred as a transaction.<br />
<br />
1. User/Card/Account authentication.<br />
2. Withdrawal request for 100 unit of currency.<br />
3. Balance verification.<br />
4. Dispenses the currency to user and update the balance to 3900.<br />
5. Print receipt and exit.<br />
<br />
Assume that a network error happened after Step 3. The transaction will not be completed. <br />
<br />
<b>ACID properties</b><br />
A database transaction must follow ACID properties.<br />
<br />
A - Atomic<br />
C - Consistent<br />
I - Isolated<br />
D - Durable <br />
<br />
Atomic :-<br />
This property ensures the transaction either in complete status or nothing has started. There must not be any scenario like user received some currency amount and balance remains same or balance updated and failed to dispense the amount.<br />
<br />
Consistent:-<br />
Every transaction must be consistent.<br />
<br />
Isolated:-<br />
Every transaction must be isolated to avoid the locks or deadlocks. Deadlock is a condition when two or more users or processes waiting for the other to release a resource.<br />
<br />
Durable:-<br />
A transaction which has committed or saved must be there for permanently. <br />
<br />
<br />
Read more on how to install Oracle 11g on Ubuntu Linux <b><a href="http://sqlandplsql.blogspot.com/2011/12/installing-oracle-11g-on-ubuntu.html">here</a> </b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-16973387062367905872011-11-26T21:40:00.001-08:002011-12-02T10:24:20.731-08:00Oracle SQL Functions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Oracle database supplied with many in built SQL functions. Oracle recommends to use in built SQL function rather than using a user defined functions. It perform better than user defined functions. So try to utilize in built SQL functions as much as you can. Some of the SQL functions really helps while writing complex SQLs. <br />
<br />
Most used SQL functions can be categorized as<br />
<br />
1. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Aggregate functions</span> - Returns a single result from a group of rows.<br />
Examples :- AVG, MAX, MIN, COUNT,SUM etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
2. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Numeric functions</span> - Accepts numeric input and returns numeric result. It is also called as <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Mathematical functions.</span><br />
Examples :- SIN, COS, TAN, MOD, POWER, EXP etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
3. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Character functions</span> - Returns character result from character input.<br />
Examples :- CHR, LOWER, UPPER, TRIM etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
4. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Date functions</span> - To manipulate date data.<br />
Examples :- SYSDATE, ADD_MONTHS, TRUNC etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
5. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Conversion functions</span> - To convert one data type to another data type<br />
Examples :- TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, TO_NUMBER etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
6. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Analytical functions</span> - It computes aggregate based on group of data<br />
Examples :- RANK, DENSE_RANK, LAG etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
Apart from these Oracle has few more functions like <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Collection functions, Large Object functions, XML functions, Data Mining functions, Hierarchical functions</span> etc.<br />
<br />
Some of the above listed functions which falls multiple categories. For example TRUNC is a Numeric as well as Date function. TRUNC(date) returns date value while TRUNC(number) returns numeric value.<br />
<br />
Each individual SQL function explained in separate sections with examples.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-31193134847893936182011-11-26T19:15:00.001-08:002011-11-29T14:49:11.726-08:00DUAL table in Oracle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue;">DUAL</span> table is a special single row table present by default in Oracle Databases.<br />
<br />
<b>Structure of DUAL table</b><br />
DUAL table has only one column called DUMMY as Varchar2(1) data type and value as X.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Examples</b><br />
1) <span style="color: blue;">select 1 from DUAL;</span><br />
returns 1<br />
<br />
2) <span style="color: blue;">select 1+2 from DUAL;</span><br />
returns 3<br />
<br />
3) <span style="color: blue;">select sysdate from DUAL;</span><br />
returns system date of oracle database.<br />
<br />
4) <span style="color: blue;">select `sql` from DUAL;</span><br />
returns`sql`<br />
<br />
5) <span style="color: blue;">select user from DUAL;</span><br />
returns oracle user logged in.<br />
<br />
6) <span style="color: blue;">select </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> (select empno from emp w</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">h</span><span style="color: blue;">ere empno = 10) </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> from DUAL;</span><br />
returns 10<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">DUAL</span> table can be used to test the SQL functions ( Both in-built and user defined functions)<br />
<br />
7) <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select func_salary(10) from DUAL;</span><br />
where <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">func_salary </span>is a<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"> </span>user defined function returns a value when argument is 10.<br />
<br />
8) <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select LOWER(`ORAclE`) from DUAL;</span><br />
returns`oracle` where <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">LOWER </span>is a in-built SQL function.<br />
<br />
DUAL table can be used in SQL and PL/SQL.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-90575827537468684982011-11-20T18:19:00.001-08:002011-11-30T18:15:29.654-08:00SELECT statement<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
SELECT statement has five major sections<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">1. SELECT key word </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">2. column specification </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">3. from key word</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">4. table or list of tables</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">5. w</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">h</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ere clause</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Section 1, 2,3 and 4 are mandatory. 5 is optional. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;">Explanation wit</span>h examples</u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><u> </u> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;">Consider t</span>he table EMP with below structure<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4" frame="VOID" rules="NONE">
<colgroup><col width="128"></col><col width="133"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="93"></col></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#b3b3b3" height="20" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="128"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Empno </span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#b3b3b3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="133"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Name</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#b3b3b3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="100"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">DOB</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#b3b3b3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="93"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Salary</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" height="20" sdnum="1033;" sdval="10" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">10</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Mark</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" sdnum="1033;0;MM/DD/YYYY" sdval="25933" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">12/31/1970</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" sdnum="1033;" sdval="4000" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">4000</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" height="20" sdnum="1033;" sdval="20" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">20</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Adam</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" sdnum="1033;0;MM/DD/YYYY" sdval="29545" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">11/20/1980</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" sdnum="1033;" sdval="4500" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">4500</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" height="20" sdnum="1033;" sdval="30" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">30</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Gary</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" sdnum="1033;0;MM/DD/YYYY" sdval="34733" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">02/03/1995</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" sdnum="1033;" sdval="3500" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">3500</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" height="20" sdnum="1033;" sdval="40" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">40</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Lisa</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" sdnum="1033;0;MM/DD/YYYY" sdval="22081" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">06/14/1960</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" sdnum="1033;" sdval="6000" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">6000</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
1) All records<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Suppose user needs to see all records from EMP table. Below statement will pull all records from t</span>he table.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select </span><span style="color: blue;">* </span><span style="color: blue;">from </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">EMP;</span></b><br />
<br />
Note :- 1) In SQL `<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">*</span>` means all columns. Here table has four columns.<br />
2) `<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">;</span>` is the terminator for the SQL statement.<br />
3) SQL is not case sensitive.<br />
<br />
2) Selected columns<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><b>select empno,salary from EMP;</b></span><br />
The above statement fetches all empno and salary columns from EMP table<br />
<br />
3) All records with where condition<br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select empno,salary from EMP where empno = 10;</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"> </span>The above statement will fetch a record with empno as value 10<br />
<br />
4) All records using where condition and order by<br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">select empno,salary from EMP where empno > 10 order by salary asc;</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"> </span>The above statement will fetch all record with empno as value > 10 in a ascending order of salary<br />
<br />
Select SQL statement has lot of features, some of them are pretty straight forward and some of them are really complex. Normally SQL cannot be learnt by just reading. You just need to practice SQLs with real examples. For that we need a database installed in an operating system.<br />
Each database will have a client utility to manage SQLs. In Oracle Database supplied with rwo SQL client utilities, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">SQL Plus </span>and<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"> Oracle SQL Developer</span>. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">SQL Plus</span> is a command line utility and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Oracle SQL Developer </span>is a<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"> </span>graphical user interface(GUI)<br />
<br />
List of standalone tools available in the market.<br />
1. TOAD - <a href="http://www.quest.com/">www.quest.com</a><br />
2. Oracle SQL Developer - <a href="http://www.oracle.com/">www.oracle.com</a><br />
3. PL/SQL Developer - <a href="http://www.allroundautomations.com/">http://www.allroundautomations.com</a> <br />
4. Advanced Query Tool(AQT) - <a href="http://www.querytool.com/">www.querytool.com</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-26340841422971865632011-11-20T10:52:00.001-08:002011-12-03T11:07:12.057-08:00What is Oracle Database ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Oracle</b> is the leading RDBMS (Relational Data Base Management System)
available in the modern market. Oracle Software is produced and marketed
by Oracle Corporation (<a href="http://www.oracle.com/">www.oracle.com</a>). Oracle Corporation has many
other products based on Applications, Middleware, Server and Storage
Systems etc. Recently Oracle has acquired Java and MySQL were MySQL is a
open source database.<br />
<br />
Major mile stones<br />
<br />
* 1977 – Oracle founded<br />
* 1983 – Oracle database 3<br />
* 1992 – Oracle database 7<br />
* 1997 – Oracle database 8<br />
* 1999 – Oracle database 8i<br />
* 2001 – Oracle database 9i<br />
* 2003 – Oracle database 10g<br />
* 2007 – Oracle database 11g<br />
<br />
Oracle database 11g release 2 is the latest.<br />
<br />
Read more on how to install Oracle 11g on Ubuntu Linux <b><a href="http://sqlandplsql.blogspot.com/2011/12/installing-oracle-11g-on-ubuntu.html">here</a> </b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-39415806185582580432011-11-19T16:58:00.001-08:002011-11-19T17:42:54.077-08:00What is ANSI SQL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
ANSI means American National Standards Institute (<a href="http://www.ansi.org/" target="_blank">http://www.ansi.org)</a> <br />
<br />
<b>Evolution of ANSI SQL</b><b> </b><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
SQL is an integral part of many modern RDBMS like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL etc. Each vendor developed their own SQL syntaxes for their own products. All over the world many government, public and private agencies use different database products from different vendors and each develop system based on vendor dependant SQLs. So ANSI developed a common standard for SQL which runs in all modern vendor databases. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
Advantages</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Work in all modern databases.</li>
<li>Easy to integrate different systems.</li>
<li>Easy to migrate from one vendor database to another.</li>
<li>Less maintenance cost.</li>
</ul>
Disadvantages <br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Relatively complex syntax compared to vendor SQLs.</li>
<li> Higher development cost.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-27227754603955387112011-11-19T12:10:00.001-08:002011-11-19T17:43:28.498-08:00What is SQL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
SQL (pronouncing as 'sequel') means Structured Query Language. It is a programming language to manage data in a DBMS or RDBMS. SQL is the back bone of any modern RDBMS.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>History</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
SQL developed by IBM in 1970. In 1986 ANSI standardized the SQL.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>SQL Statements</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
SELECT - Uses to fetches and displaying the data in a structured manner.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
INSERT - Uses to store data into the database.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
UPDATE - Update or modify the stored data.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
DELETE - Removing the stored data. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
SELECT statement is the most widely and frequently used one. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
To explain the above statements we need to define a table first. Assume tat </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
EMP table stores employee details like Empno, Name, Age, </div>
<br />
Structure of EMP Table<br />
<style>
body, div, table, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">thead</span>, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">tbody</span>, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">tfoot</span>, tr, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">th</span>, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">td</span>, p { font-family: "<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Arial</span>"; font-size: x-small; }
</style>
<br />
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="3" frame="VOID" rules="NONE">
<colgroup><col width="128"></col><col width="133"></col><col width="132"></col></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#b3b3b3" height="20" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="128"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Empno </span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#b3b3b3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="133"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Name</span></b></td>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#b3b3b3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="132"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Age</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" height="20" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">10</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Mark</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">26</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" height="20" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">20</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Adam</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">30</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" height="20" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">30</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Gary</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">33</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" height="20" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">40</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Lisa</span></td>
<td align="LEFT" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">27</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
There are 4 records in EMP table.<br />
<b> </b><br />
<b> </b><br />
<b>SELECT statement</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">Example :-</span> select * from EMP;</span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Explanation :- </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The above statement will fetch all records from a table called EMP. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>INSERT statement</b> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">Example :-</span> insert into EMP values</span><span style="color: blue;">(50,</span><span style="color: blue; white-space: nowrap;">‘Lo‘,33);</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Explanation :- </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The above statement will insert one records into EMP table. </div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>UPDATE statement</b> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">Example :-</span> update EMP set </span><span style="color: blue;"></span><span style="color: blue; white-space: nowrap;"></span><span style="color: blue;"> name = </span><span style="color: blue; white-space: nowrap;">‘Lopez‘ w</span><span style="color: blue;">h</span><span style="color: blue; white-space: nowrap;">ere Empno = 50;</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Explanation :- </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The above statement will update name column in EMP table.<br />
<br />
<b>Delete statement</b> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">Example :-</span> delete from EMP </span><span style="color: blue;"></span><span style="color: blue; white-space: nowrap;">w</span><span style="color: blue;">h</span><span style="color: blue; white-space: nowrap;">ere Empno = 50;</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Explanation :- </div>
The above statement will update name column in EMP table. </div>
</div>
</div>
We will discuss each SQL statements in a very detail manner.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-91731095607778927692011-11-18T20:14:00.001-08:002011-11-27T21:06:36.259-08:00Difference between DBMS and RDBMS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
RDBMS is a super set of DBMS. Consolidated few differences here.<br />
<br />
<img alt="" height="250" 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" 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Microsoft Access is an example of DBMS.<br />
Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, DB2 are few examples for RDBMS. <br />
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468900215265211204.post-61381855399192083712011-11-17T17:54:00.001-08:002011-12-02T16:14:22.695-08:00Introduction - DBMS and RDBMS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>What is DBMS ?</b><br />
A DBMS is a set of software programs that controls the system organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. The DBMS determines how data are stored and retrieved.<br />
Data is the back bone of any organization. So it is very essential to manage it in a efficient way. DBMS accepts request from application and processes in the operating system and vice verse.<br />
Examples :- Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, DB2, MySQL etc.<br />
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<b>Features of DBMS</b><br />
1. Data Security -<br />
DBMS is capable of protecting the data stored inside the database. Examples are database passwords, schema management etc. <br />
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2. Data Integrity -<br />
DBMS ensures the data integrity by maintaining the transcriptional and user level access. It eliminates the unwanted duplicity. <br />
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3. Data Access -<br />
DBMS provides an efficient way to access and manage the data called SQL (Structured Query Language). All modern databases support SQL. <br />
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4. Data Audit -<br />
DBMS should allow to audit and manage the data stored inside the database. <br />
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<b>What is </b><b>RDBMS ?</b><br />
Any DBMS which has the ability to represent the data in set of tuples (related set of data) which share the same type is called RDBMS. In another way it organizes data into related rows and columns. All RDBMS terms can be defined in mathematical terms. In RDBMS all tables will have a relationship among.<br />
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<u>Relational Model</u><br />
The fundamental assumption of the relational model is that all data is represented as mathematical n-tuples relations. The relational model of data permits the database designer to create a consistent, logical representation of information.<br />
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<b>Comparing Relational and Mathematical models</b><br />
<img alt="" height="157" 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" 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Read Also <a href="http://sqlandplsql.blogspot.com/2011/11/difference-between-dbms-and-rdbms.html">Difference between DBMS and RDBMS</a><br />
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